This analysis explores the evolution of economic warfare as a strategic tool in international relations since the end of World War II. It examines how sanctions, trade embargoes, financial restrictions, and resource controls have been employed by states to achieve geopolitical objectives without direct military engagement. Historical case studies illustrate shifts in tactics, from broad embargoes during the Cold War to targeted financial measures in the 21st century. The study emphasizes the growing sophistication of economic coercion, including the use of currency systems, banking networks, and technology restrictions to exert pressure. It also considers the long-term consequences of such strategies on global trade stability and alliance dynamics. As economic interdependence increases, the line between legitimate policy tools and aggressive statecraft continues to blur, prompting debate over norms and accountability in economic statecraft.
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A Theory of Economic Warfare from 1945 American Enterprise Institute – AEI