Global investors are increasingly focused on uncertainties surrounding U.S. economic policy, particularly regarding potential tariffs and their impact on global markets. Although recent agreements between the U.S., UK, China, and Vietnam have reduced fears, the final tariff levels are expected to be significantly lower than initially announced on April 2.
Improved U.S. economic growth forecasts have reduced the likelihood of a recession, though most analysts still expect a slowdown, accompanied by lower inflation. A less aggressive trade conflict could benefit European growth by reducing the risk of a flood of Chinese and Asian goods redirected from the U.S.
Higher effective U.S. tariff rates, currently estimated at 14% compared to less than 3% at the start of the year, could boost U.S. revenues. While some projections suggest these tariffs could reduce the deficit by over $2 trillion over the next decade, ongoing fiscal debates in the U.S. continue to create market uncertainty.
President Donald Trump’s tax and spending bill is expected to increase the U.S. national debt by approximately $3.4 trillion in the short term, as tax cuts are likely to precede spending reductions. Moody’s projects a federal budget deficit of 9% of GDP by 2035, higher than the consensus estimate of 7-7.5%, and most economists agree the deficit is growing, unsettling investors.
The European Central Bank and the Bank of England remain in accommodative or non-restrictive stances. Business and consumer confidence in both regions remain weak, influenced by global uncertainties and dissatisfaction with domestic politics. Concerns also persist regarding tensions in the Middle East and the Ukraine-Russia conflict.
Although the ceasefire between Iran and Israel appears to be holding, uncertainty remains high, especially regarding Iran’s future actions. The potential for Iranian oil supply disruptions and threats to the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly 20% of the world’s oil passes daily, remain unclear. However, some extreme risks have eased following U.S. tactical strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities.
Despite a worsening fiscal outlook, the bond market remains relatively stable. During the euro zone debt crisis, yields on top-rated Spanish and Italian corporate bonds were lower than those of their respective government bonds. Although Moody’s has downgraded the U.S. government’s credit rating from Aaa to Aa1, the situation for U.S. bonds may differ significantly.
The macroeconomic environment for U.S. credit is currently favorable. Nominal yields are high, the Federal Reserve has been lowering interest rates, and economic growth, although slowing, remains positive. Crucially, U.S. corporate balance sheets are generally in good condition, arguably healthier than those of the U.S. government.
The 2011–12 euro zone debt crisis raised concerns about the bloc’s potential collapse, which could have led to changes in the currency denominations of sovereign bonds from countries like Italy and Spain.
There are also tax advantages to earning coupon income from U.S. Treasuries compared to corporate bonds. Additionally, the depth and liquidity of the U.S. Treasury market far exceed those of the corporate bond market, making them highly attractive to investors.
Japanese bond yields have risen across the yield curve since 2022, when the Bank of Japan began normalizing policy and ended Yield Curve Control in 2023. While long-term rates globally have increased sharply in 2025, leading to steeper yield curves, Japan’s super-long (30+ years) rates have recently outpaced them, reaching levels not seen since the first issuance in 1999.
Japan’s fiscal situation is already concerning, with increased defense spending and potential reductions in consumption taxes. Poorly received 20-year Japanese government bond (JGB) auctions in May highlighted the fragile demand-supply balance in super-long JGBs, as Japanese life insurers, major buyers in the past, stayed away after reaching regulatory solvency ratios. In response to rising yields, the finance ministry is reportedly considering reducing long-term bond issuance.
Currency markets have experienced significant volatility this year, often driven by international incidents blending with domestic events or policies. The Taiwanese dollar, typically a low-volatility currency, saw its largest one-day movement since the 1980s.
For a small island nation like Taiwan, with limited natural resources but a highly open economy dependent on international trade, heightened U.S. tariffs or trade tensions are deeply concerning. Taiwan was among the first East Asian countries to seek a trade deal with the U.S., fueling speculation in local media that a currency agreement to weaken the exchange rate might be part of the negotiations, despite central bank assurances to the contrary.
Concerned Taiwanese exporters, who hold large amounts of U.S. dollars, rushed to anticipate potential policy moves, strengthening the domestic currency and significantly weakening the U.S. dollar.
Other unique currency events may arise due to sweeping U.S. policy changes that trigger strong fear responses, even if they aren’t based on underlying macroeconomic fundamentals, potentially overwhelming market positioning, especially in smaller foreign exchange markets.
For investors, forming well-researched views is particularly difficult given the backdrop of tariff uncertainty and unsettled U.S. policymaking.
Consensus forecasts now suggest that unwinding the long-standing overvaluation of the U.S. dollar may become the main driver of major currency trends. Extensive U.S. policy changes have fundamentally altered expectations for the dollar this year, especially as the drivers of U.S. exceptionalism are being questioned. Analysts now worry that this new era may bring more instances where U.S. stocks, bonds, and the dollar all decline simultaneously—typically a sign of capital flight.
— News Original —
Fixed income, rates, currencies: Questions over US economic policy dominate global investor concerns
As ever, the US dominates the global economic landscape. While there is still considerable uncertainty around possible tariffs emanating from the US – despite deals struck recently by the UK, China and Vietnam – the overall level of the eventual levies is still expected to be markedly lower than those announced on April 2.
Hence, upgraded forecasts for US economic growth mean downgraded chances of recession, though an economic slowdown is still the consensus with lower inflation expectations.
The possibility of a ‘lesser’ trade war actually improves the outlook for European economic growth, as it reduces the threat of a potential influx of cheap Chinese/Asian goods that have been diverted away from the US.
Though increased revenues from the higher than (currently) expected effective US tariff rate of 14% (compared with less than 3% at the start of the year) should be good for the US bottom line. But while estimates suggest it could theoretically lower the deficit by more than $2trn (€1.7trn) over the next decade, ongoing US fiscal deliberations still raise market anxieties.
US president Donald Trump’s tax-and-spending bill is set to increase the US national debt by an estimated $3.4trn in the near term, as tax cuts will precede spending cuts. Moody’s published projections for a federal budget deficit of 9% of GDP in 2035 are significantly higher than the consensus of 7-7.5%, but most economists agree that the figure is growing – which is rattling investors.
The European Central Bank and the Bank of England remain in easing/not restrictive mode. Business and consumer confidence across both regions are soft, reflecting global uncertainties as well as electorates disgruntled with domestic politics. In addition, concerns remain over tensions in the Middle East and the Ukraine/Russia war.
While the ceasefire between Iran-Israel seems to be holding, the degree of uncertainty remains very high, particularly with respect to Iran’s next moves. Prospects for Iranian oil supply and a potential disruption to the vital Strait of Hormuz, which sees almost 20% of the world’s oil pass through it daily, remain unclear. However, some of the more critical tail risks have dissipated following the US tactical strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities.
Bonds: benign environment despite deteriorating fiscal outlook
During the euro zone debt crisis, yields on certain top-rated Spanish and Italian corporates were trading at lower yields than their respective government bonds. Although Moody’s has downgraded the US government’s credit score from Aaa to Aa1, the situation for US bonds may be rather different.
The macro environment for US credit is currently quite positive. Nominal yields are high, the Fed has been lowering interest rates and economic growth, though slowing, is still positive. Crucially, America’s corporate balance sheets are generally in decent shape, and arguably significantly healthier than those of the US government.
However, the 2011-12 euro zone debt crisis raised the possibility of the bloc collapsing, with the attendant threat of the forced changing of currency denominations of the sovereign bonds of Italian, Spanish and other peripheral countries.
As well as some tax advantages to earning coupon income from US Treasuries as opposed to USD corporate bond income, the depth and the liquidity of the US Treasury market completely dwarfs those of its corporate bond market, an attribute valued highly by investors.
Bond yields in Japan have been moving higher across the curve since 2022, when the Bank of Japan began normalising policy and ending Yield Curve Control in 2023. While long rates globally have been rising fast in 2025 steepening yield curves, Japan’s super-long (30+ years) rate rises have recently been outstripping them all, reaching levels not seen since the start of issuance in 1999.
Fiscal deterioration in Japan is already concerning, from increased defence spending or the mooted lowering of consumption taxes. A couple of poorly received 20-year Japanese government bond (JGB) auctions in May brought into focus the precarious demand/supply balance in super-long JGBs, as Japanese life insurers, previously big buyers, stayed out having reached their regulatory solvency ratios. In response to rising yields, the finance ministry is now rumoured to be trimming its issuance at the long end.
Currencies: investors grapple with volatility and weakening US dollar
As several bond markets have moved more than others with international incidents often blending with domestic events and/or policies, the currency markets have also seen large gyrations this year. The Taiwanese dollar, usually a low-volatility currency, had its largest one-day move since the 1980s.
For a small island nation such as Taiwan, with few natural resources but an open economy where international trade is of paramount importance, heightened US tariffs or increased trade tensions are highly concerning.
Taiwan was one of the first countries in East Asia to attempt to broker a trade deal with the US, prompting rumours in the local press that some sort of currency agreement to weaken the exchange rate between their respective currencies would be part of the negotiations, despite assurances from the central bank that this would not be the case.
Nervous Taiwanese exporters, holders of huge amounts of US dollars, then rushed to get ahead of any potential moves of their policymakers thereby strengthening the domestic currency – and selling down USD markedly.
There may be other such idiosyncratic currency incidents, prompted by the sweeping changes in US policy that trigger big fear responses but are not necessarily based on underlying macro fundamentals, yet can still overwhelm market positioning, particularly in minor foreign exchange markets.
For investors, anchoring their views in well-researched macro-fundamental analysis is particularly hard given the background of tariff uncertainty and unsettled US policymaking.
Consensus forecasts now argue that unwinding the longstanding overvaluation of the US currency may become the dominant driver of major currency trends. Extensive US policy changes have fundamentally altered consensus views on the direction of the dollar this year, particularly as the drivers of US exceptionalism have been questioned. They now fear that this new era may bring with it more occasions when US stocks, bonds and the dollar all fall at the same time – typically a sign of capital fleeing a country.